What Were The Causes of The Downfall of Louis XVI- Is he...

As the tragic events of the French Revolution unfolded, King Louis XVI of France soon found himself in the centre of it and gradually became one of the victims. In the morning of Tuesday 21st January 1793, he was woken by his guards and taken to Place de la Revolution. My people, I die an innocent man were his last words to the crowd, and moments later, his head was held up to the crowd . However, what caused the end of monarchy? Was Louis XVI completely responsible for his own downfall? There is no questioning that Louis XVI is, in fact, partially responsible for his own downfall, but other factors, both short term and long term, also contributed to his downfall. Awkward and timid, Louis XVI found himself on the throne at the age of†¦show more content†¦His idea may influence people of the third estate, who always longed for a say in the running of the country, and cause them to think that it was extremely unfair for them to have no political power when they paid most of the taxes, which supported the country. This, may continue, and cause rebellions. The ideas of the philosophers were all against the teachings of the Church. They also questioned whether kings should be absolute monarchs. Gradually, they influenced many people, and began to question the entire political system of France: Should the absolute monarch and his government be overthrown? Should a new government, which was based on the will of the people, be developed? ;In the 1770s, the Americans started the American Revolution. Always at odds with Great Britain, King Louis XVI managed to see that by helping the Americans, he can, at the same time, reduce the powers of the Great Britain to prevent further attacks or destructions on France. Therefore, more than 9,000 French soldiers and sailors fought in the American Revolution, performed well in the war and earned praises from both the French, and the American citizens . However, there were disadvantages for helping the Americans. Some of the soldiers that returned came back to France with revolutionary ideas from America. Americans independence gave the soldiers an idea that rebelling against King Louis XVI and his government could earn them moreShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subjectRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PrenticeRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesthe United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-0230-55379-8 ISBN-10: 0-230-55379-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of

Enviromental Effects of Air Pollution and the Urban Area Free Essays

Air pollution has been and is a growing environmental problem that is closely related to the growth of urban settlements. While the cities and towns of the world grow larger they emit more and more toxic emissions are put out into the air. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues that surround air pollution such as the long term impacts of air pollution, the short term impacts of air pollution, the long term outlook of air pollution, the short term outlook of air pollution and the potential solutions to the air pollution problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Enviromental Effects of Air Pollution and the Urban Area or any similar topic only for you Order Now Air pollution is an environmental problem that affects each and every one of us to some degree and it is important to understand why air pollution happens and how we can take steps to control it. Air pollution has a direct connection with urban environments all over the world. With an increase in industrialized countries ,the of use of cars, factories and also the use of fuels such as fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gasses, like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, into the air, there has been a definite rise in air pollution over the world (Mayer, 1999). There are many short term effects that air pollution causes to the urban areas and to the people who are living in those areas. The first short term effect of air pollution is that it can cause health issues for the inhabitants of the area. Air pollution can cause the inhabitants to get itchy throats and irritated eyes. It also has been linked to causes bronchitis and pneumonia (Silverman, et al, 2007). Short term air pollution exposer can also cause an increase the rate of allergy infections and asthma diagnosis to the people who live in the area. The short term effects on environment range from smog clouds can cause the health issues, like the ones previously mentioned (Silverman, et al, 2007). There are also long term effects of air pollutions that are very serious to the environment and the people who live in high polluted areas. Long term air pollution exposer can have devastating effects on the health of the people who live in the area. Some of the health risks that have been linked to long term exposer consist of chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the brain, kidney’s or liver (Mayer, 1999). Children who are living in a highly polluted area risk developing theses diseases at a higher rate the normal children who do not have long term exposed to air pollution. Long term air pollution also has devastating effects on the environment. One of the more serious effects is that air pollution is slowly deteriorating the Ozone layer. The Ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and it plays an important role in protecting the earth from the suns ultraviolent rays. Due to the increase in greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, the Ozone has developed holes and this allows harmful ultraviolet B-radiation to reach the earth. The increase of B-radiation is harmful to humans, plants and animals, and it is a known cause of Melanoma. The increase of B-radiation is always extremely harmful to plants. It causes a decrease in plant growth, height and damage to the leaves of plants (Tong, 2011). There are some potential ways to reduce, but not fully solve, the air pollution problem that is effect most urban areas. One of the ways that the countries around the world have decided to reduce air pollution was in 1997 at a United Nations conference in Kyoto, Japan. During the conference countries signed a treaty, the Kyoto Protocol promising to combat global warming by reducing the emission s of harmful greenhouse gasses that a produced my industrial factories. Unfortunately, claiming that that the treaty was not in the best interest for their county, the United States did not sign the treaty (Murray, 2001). Another potential way to reduce air pollution is through technology advancement. Using the new technologies to replace fossil fuels, such as coal burning and oil use, would substantial lower the gas emissions that cause air pollution and eventually cause the ozone layer to deplete. The short term outlook of air pollution on urban society is somewhat hopeful. Many cities and countries have begun or are beginning to take action in reducing the amount of pollution that is released into the air by the industries, cars and citizens. Many cities have started using different sources of energy, like solar power, in place of the fossil fuel energy sources that are the main contributors to air pollution. The long term outlook of air pollution is that, with many countries pledging to reduce the pollution over the coming years, the levels of air pollution will be lower in the future. Unfortunately, there is much debate over how greenhouse gases affect the ozone layer and global warming. Until this debate is over and people can agree, not enough action will be taken to help reduce the air pollution in the urban setting. How to cite Enviromental Effects of Air Pollution and the Urban Area, Papers

Industrial Relation and Workplace Change

Question: Discuss about theIndustrial Relation and Workplace Change. Answer: Introduction: The multidisciplinary field that studies the relationship between the employment and employee relation is termed as industrial relation. As opined by Blyton et al. (2008), human resource management is synonymous with employee relationship with the industries where they are working. However, employment relationship include conflicts and finding out measures to overcome the conflicts and issues. There is existence of a number orientation, which directly or indirectly influences the effectiveness of the industrial culture. This particular study is based on four major industrial orientations namely, Pluralism, Marxism, Feminism and Neo-liberalism. A detailed analysis on these factors will be conducted with example of the application of one of these industrial orientations on a particular organization. For the distinct purpose, the paper has chosen Bakers Delight. Pluralism: The pluralist industrial relations paradigm analyzes the relationship and interest between the employees and the employers. As commented by Ackers (2014), this relationship is mainly based on the bargaining problems between the shareholders and the employers. Individual employees, manager and owners as well are considered as human agents rather than pure rational or economic agents. The pluralistic approach was made focusing on increasing imbalances of income between the employee and employers. In addition to this, the excessive corporate domination has created an imbalance in the workforce. Keeping these perspectives into consideration, focus was made on improving the excessive corporate power that created a substandard wage and the working condition that created burden on the workers. If the major reason behind the change of the industrial relations is considered, Pluralism is largely affected due to the impact of globalization and open market economy. In addition to this, the inclusion of the cross-cultural employees in the organization is also an evident factor that has influenced the major organizations to undertake certain policies that would require the involvement of the employees in the operational factors (Bray et al. 2014). However, as pointed out by Poole, (2013), the importance of understanding the ability of a particular individual to involve in the major decision-making depends on the mangers and other higher authorities of the organization. Whatever the situation might be the effectiveness of the new formulation of the structure and culture in the organization has helped to improve the working situation and has created a positive industrial relationship with the employees and the employers. If the recent situation is considered, it has to be said that the human resource of an organization are given better opportunities and certain rights to involve in the managerial decision. For instance, companies like Volkswagen, TESCO, Woolworths and many other companies have been found to involve the human resource of their organization in the major operational and business activities (Kaufman 2014). The issues like working hours, low wages, the working conditions and other factors that created major drawbacks in the activities of the employees were resolved to large extent. Marxism: As stated by Rainnie (2016), as a result of several socio-economic issues as well as political factors, various lines of thoughts have been expressed towards the complex situation of the industrial relationship. If the human resource approach is considered, it has to be said that there are certain psychological approaches as well that needs to be addressed when it comes to relationship between the employee and the employers. The radical Marxism concentrates on the nature of the society where a particular organization operation. The perspective of Marxism is that the complete system is based on the capitalist approach where the organizations are owned privately by the influential owners and that the workers and the employees are just the human resource who should contribute their part of activity (Ackers 2014). The Marxism has focused on the orderly relationship between the employees and the employers and the self evidently desires as well. Marxism has always focused on the struggle a nd the self-activities which is much alien to the most common and disseminated industrial relationship. The radical Marxist theory has evolved largely and has ascended the socialism over the capitalism. Focus has been made on minimizing the cost of expenditure that the industrial owners have to spend on the employees. The change in the radical and the orthodox perspective of the Marxist theory has resulted in great changes. There is no more hierarchical approach made on passing out the ownership to the other owners (Rainnie 2016). Marxism has always highlighted the weaknesses and the contradiction of the employees rather than the employers. The main social and economic conflict that arises is a result of the inequality of the income and other economic resources among the employees and the employers. It is because of the difference of the income or the economic status, the competition among the various industrial power increases and has resulted in a situation where the labors are not given the authority to provide their opinion on the functional activities of the organization. This per spective has been largely recognized by major industries. The change in the approach is a result of the leadership approach in the organizational structure and culture. As commented by Ackers (2014), the leadership is no longer an autocratic approach but it has turned out to be more transactional and transformational approach. Capable workers and employees are given the responsibility of taking care of the overall business. For example, if the situation of the Tata Motors is considered, the ownership was passed over to the employee rather than settling for a particular person who shall be given the leadership or the ownership. The change in this approach has resulted in the situation where the employees can also participate in the decision-making that shall directly put impact on the overall operational and business activities of the particular company. Feminism It is necessary to review the evolution of the theoretical perspective of feminism in the premise of change management in business. The predominant purposes of feminist movements are to increase womens right in every field of the society and to earn fair and equal wages as well as to own property and to have the equal opportunities for education. The initial effect of the feminist movement has been first observed in the premise of literature, later it started to take an edge over the field of industry evolution (Jayawardena 2016). It has been identified that in the current scenario, women are found to provide equal contribution on industry revolution and the subsequent development of business. The concept of female entrepreneurship in terms of workplace change has not emerged until the 1970, when the society all over the world encountered the sub-domain of women entrepreneurship. The aspect of women entrepreneurship began to strongly manipulate the industrial development from the ear ly twenty-first century (Kampwirth 2014). It is interesting to denote that the emergence of the movement of modern feminism started at the same time when the phenomenon of French revolution began. The traditional approach to women entrepreneurship has been the engagement of women labor in the United States started at the initial time of 19th century. Women in both rural and urban places had been engaged as paid labor in the newly emerging industrial hubs. In the 19th century, instead of industrial occupation, women have been highly engaged in agricultural labor. The modern phenomenon indicates that female employees share same work burden and equally works hard to accomplish organizational goals (Mohd Yunus and Hasan 2016). The scale of women contribution at work is increasing rapidly, which has led to make equal disbursement of working hours across the whole world. The effectiveness of applying the fundamental concepts of feminism in industries is required highly for the improvement of the society. On the other hand, it has been also identified that equal participation of female workers in business has proved more fruitful than the engagement of the male ones. However, the tra ditional approaches of feminism in work have been oriented with the agricultural fields and factories, which have been gradually transformed with the engagement of women in leadership, management and dictatorship (Kampwirth 2014). For example, the organizations Mrs. Macs Pies and Bakers Delight are the successful examples of the orientation of feminism in the business development. Presently, Lesley Gillespie is the co-founder of Bakers Delight, who has made a major contribution in the organization along with her husband. However, it is unfortunate to denote that instead of having made potential inroads in the field of middle management, still the senior level of business enterprises are most of the time remain exclusively with male dominance. For example, only 4.5% of the fortune 500 dictatorships are found to be held by women and women hold only 5.6% of the 500 fortune service dictatorships (Mohd Yunus and Hasan 2016). Neo-Liberalism In the context of industrial relation and workplace change, the orientation of neo-liberalism is significant to elaborate. Fundamentally, neo-liberalism holds major contribution on the international economic evolution as neo-liberalism is considered as a policy model that is responsible for transferring the control of the economic factors from public sector to the private sector (Featherstone 2015). In this respect, it is required to be mentioned that the predominant principles of neo-classical economies have contributed potentially upon the evolution of the industrial sector and workplace change by suggesting that every government should limit the subsidies and reform the tax laws for expanding the tax base and limiting the protectionism. However, the orientation of neo-liberalism has started to affect the industrial field from the early 90s. Neo-liberalism has potentially played major role in the financial meltdown of 2008. However, the traditional approach of neo-liberalism has been used in the ideology of market competition as well as the free trade. The traditional approach has been responsible for justifying the fundamental aspects of capitalism in the premise of colonialism. Today, neo-liberalism is found to be applied for having sustainable development in the workplace (Dalal 2016). It is because, the basic policies of neo-liberalism chiefly focus on the economic development, which is essential for any organization to behold sustainable growth. Neo-liberalism is promoted as an effective mechanism to fought poverty. The fruitful application of neo-liberalism is found in the activities of the World Trade Organization as they have identified to adopt the fundamental policies of neo-liberalism. By adopting the key principles of neo-liberalism, WTO has been effectively understood the economic policies of British, European and American government and has successfully employed the key findings in their a ctivities (Streeck and Jackson 2015). However, it has been found out that in the international level, neo-liberalism has been confronted with the fundamental application of authoritarian perspective. The need to have economic growth by a liberal perspective in organizations is becoming difficult to meet due to the dominance of authoritarian viewpoint. Example of an Organization: If the contribution of industrial orientation of feminism could be prioritized in this context, then the example of one of the leading Australian Bakery organization Bakers Delight should be considered. The organizations co-founder Lesley Gillespie and her major contribution on the organization is the evident of the fact that, the cultivation of feminism in the industrial zone in form of work place change is mounting on the hills of accomplishment. Lesley Gillespies belief in the women entrepreneurship and her initiatives has led her to become one of the leading female entrepreneurs for their business innovations. With her feministic entrepreneurial approach, she has built a successful franchise of Bakers Delight, which is earning the same recognition as the parental one. With Lesley Gillespies initiative, Bakers Delights now offers bright opportunities for the women employees (afr.com 2017). According to Gillespies Bakers Delight is accomplishing the trend of women entrepreneurship within the workplace. The organization does not ignore to provide equal pay scale to the women employees and maintains special employee retention programs for the female employees. It is interesting to denote at the same time that the organization has fruitfully followed the theoretical principles of Marxism and pluralism. It is because of the fact that the with Lesley Gillespies direction, the organization provides fair opportunities and motivations to each of the employees in the organization to take part in the decision making process (afr.com 2017). However, it is unfortunate that the orientation of neo-liberalism have not been appropriately adopted by the organization, as the organization does not possess any significant contribution in making economic evolution. Conclusion From the above discourse, it can be deduced that application of each of the theoretical orientation Marxism, feminism, neo-liberalism and pluralism have been proved effective in the escalating the gradual industrial growth. The discussion points out that the adoption of Marxism principle has helped to identify and mitigate labor exploitation, whereas the pluralism principles have supported to minimize the economic imbalance in the society. However, from the discussion on feminism, it has been understood that the feminist activities have taken a strong edge over the industrial revolution and in the contemporary world, women entrepreneurship has been escalated to the level of leadership from holding the position of a mere labor. Nevertheless, the discussion has indicated that neo-liberalism, which is responsible potentially for the worldwide economic growth is facing the major constraint of the authoritarian principles. References: Ackers, P. 2014. Rethinking the employment relationship: a neo-pluralist critique of British industrial relations orthodoxy.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(18), 2608-2625. Ackers, P. 2014. Rethinking the employment relationship: a neo-pluralist critique of British industrial relations orthodoxy.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(18), 2608-2625. Fitzsimmon, C. 2015 Bakers Delight co-founder Lesley Gillespie on her journey to the BRW Rich Women list. [online]. Available at: https://www.afr.com/it-pro/bakers-delight-cofounder-lesley-gillespie-on-her-journey-to-the-brw-rich-women-list-20150307-13y4ir [Accessed on 23 Feb. 2017]. Blyton, P., Bacon, N., Fiorito, J. and Heery, E. eds., 2008.The state in industrial relations. Sage Bray, M., Adamson, B. and Mason, M., 2014. Different models, different emphases, different insights. InComparative Education Research(pp. 417-436). Springer International Publishing. Dalal, F. 2016. Group Analysis in the Time of Austerity: Neo-liberalism, Managerialism and Evidence-Based Research.Group Analysis, 0533316416682153. Featherstone, D. 2015. Thinking the crisis politically: lineages of resistance to neo-liberalism and the politics of the present conjuncture.Space and polity,19(1), 12-30. Jayawardena, K. 2016.Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Verso Books. Kampwirth, K. 2014.Feminism and the legacy of revolution: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas. Ohio University Press. Kaufman, B. E. 2014. History of the British industrial relations field reconsidered: getting from the Webbs to the new employment relations paradigm.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(1), 1-31. Mohd Yunus, R., and Hasan, M. 2016. Muslim women and knowledge: Are we ready to face the Fourth Industrial Revolution?.About Islam, 1-5. Poole, M. 2013.Industrial relations: origins and patterns of national diversity(Vol. 4). Routledge. Rainnie, A., 2016.Industrial relations in small firms: Small isn't beautiful. Routledge. Streeck, W., and Jackson, B. 2015. Interview: capitalism, neo-liberalism and democracy.Renewal. A journal of social democracy,22(3/4), 74-80.

7 Topics You Should Never Talk About At Work

7 Topics You Should Never Talk About At Work It’s great to feel like you have friendly colleagues and even better when they become your friends outside work, but there are a few danger areas to avoid during your 9-5 interactions. 1. [Insert any  political topic here]I am a big offender with this one. I used to have long angry debates with one of my cube neighbors about everything from social welfare programs to LGBT rights. Not only was it unprofessional, it was also distracting for everyone who I now realize could hear us bickering all day. I didn’t change his mind, he didn’t do anything besides offend me with his opinions, and our whole office probably found us annoying. Plus that irritation spilled over into our professional interactions, too.2. â€Å"I’m soooooooooo tired.†I know it’s just small talk, but griping about your exhaustion level, unless you need some legitimate accommodation in your workload, is tedious (and probably self evident if you’re yawning and downing a vat of coffee at your desk every day).3. Office gossip (particularly boss-related)Some experts feel like office confidences build stronger bonds between team members; others see it as divisive and counterproductive since venting rarely actually leads to positive change or resolution of a tense situation.If something bad is coming, you’ve just spent extra time dreading it. If it comes to nothing, you’ve just wasted the time of everyone you spent swapping conspiracy theories with!4. â€Å"You always ______.† and â€Å"You never ______.†Bad for relationships and bad for the workplace, blanket accusations like this rarely have positive results. Try â€Å"I† statements instead- †When you [fail to deliver a report  on time] I [feel frustrated and fall behind on my deadlines].†5. That’s not my job, that’s not in my contract.I have mixed feelings on this one because agreeing to anything asked of you doesn’t usually lend i tself to strong boundary setting. That said, be a team player when you can, since you’ll probably need some help yourself before long.6. â€Å"Well, actually†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I thought only irritating internet commenters employed this one but apparently it’s spread into the outside world. There are more direct ways to voicing your opinion or a differing perspective than this grating correctional phrase. Just leave it out!7. Personal comments on weight, clothing, race, marital status, sexual orientation, etc.Many of these were probably covered in your company orientation, but one that often gets overlooked in many places I’ve worked is weight or eating habits. At my last job I had a well-meaning coworker who could not stop herself from commenting on what I was eating or not eating, characterizing a pizza lunch as â€Å"Oooh, good to you day† or â€Å"You’re so bad!† when I reached for a sweet snack afterwards. She also commented on my weight- bu t only when she thought I’d lost some. Again, she thought she was being sociable, but it made me really uncomfortable and made her somebody I was hesitant to work with in the future.I hate to say it, but sticking to only discussing your job while you’re at work may be the safest way to go.  7 Things You Should NEVER Say to Co-Workers  Read More at Payscale

Introduction to Sociology of Religion

Introduction to Sociology of Religion What is Sociology of Religion? Sociology is concerned with people’s interaction in groups and interactions of different groups of people. Admittedly, religion can be regarded as a social phenomenon, a set of beliefs and doctrines that unite people in certain groups. Notably, in the majority of countries religion and state are divided, though in some countries these two entities are combined into one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Sociology of Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is possible to state that religion plays crucial role in people’s lives in some countries. More so, there are lots of people who claim they do not relate themselves to any religious groups. Nonetheless, every individual is affected by certain religious beliefs. For instance, the western world is based on principles of Christianity which shape behavior of many nations. Furthermore, there are a lot of religious groups which interact with each other. These religious groups also influence (or try to influence) other people, e.g. those who are not members of the group. There have been many examples when religious groups tried to make other people adopt their principles. For instance, indigenous people of Americas, Africa, Australia, etc. were turned into Christianity. Therefore, religion is also concerned with people’s interaction in groups. It is but natural that Sociology of Religion is a very important branch of sociology. In the first place, it is necessary to define this branch of Sociology of Religion. It is a non-evaluative and empirical study of interactions between people in different religious groups and interactions between different religious groups. Importantly, sociology of religion is based on empirical data. This means that it operates specific data and draws conclusions based on facts rather than assumptions. Any theory is carefully checked by anthrop ologists and sociologists. It is also important to add that sociology of religion is not concerned with assessment and evaluation of religions. This study does not answer the questions concerning the best religion or best religious practices. Moreover, sociologists try to remain as unbiased as possible. Though, everyone understands that researchers can hardly be totally unbiased as they are raised in terms of specific cultural conventions. However, scientific approach helps sociologists be quite unbiased. This branch of sociology explores origins of religions, peculiarities of beliefs and rituals and it also determines the extent to which these beliefs and rituals affect people. Why Is This Subject Important? As has been mentioned above, religion is still an important part of people’s life. It has shaped people’s behavioral patterns within certain communities. Thus, the study exploring peculiarities of this phenomenon is very important as it helps understand to what ex tent religion shapes people’s behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sociologists can also help understand the reasons why religion is so important for people. This study can help foresee the future of religion as well as humanity. In other words, researchers will be able to understand what makes people develop certain beliefs and rituals and how (why) these practices help people live. It is quite important to see which components of religious practices are essential and why they differ in different groups. Understanding the nature of religion will help sociologists understand the nature of humanity. The majority of religions have much in common. However, religions are also characterized by considerable diversity. Sociologists may come up with certain explanations of this diversity. These differences may help understand what is important for different grou ps of people and how certain principles and codes of conduct affect their lives. This can also help determine the way environment affects people’s behavior and choices. Sociologists are also preoccupied with the origins of religion. It is quite important to understand how and why religions originated, in the first place. This will help people understand the exact role religions have played in the history of humanity. Anthropologists and sociologists will also define similarities and differences in people’s behavior in different situations and/or conditions. Basically, people will be able to understand their own nature. What is the Rational Choice Theory The rational choice theory is rooted in the field of economics. According to this theory, people tend to make a variety of rational choices throughout their lifetime. These choices are shaped by people’s goals. In other words, people tend to try to reach certain goals and make choices in order to achieve their ai ms. This theory is applicable to a variety of disciplines. The rational choice theory also provides interesting insights into the field of sociology of religion. According to the rational choice theory, people adopt some religious beliefs and are involved in certain religious practices to achieve their goals. It is also possible to trace the aims of people throughout centuries. For instance, people longed for eternal lives or better lives in other worlds or in other reincarnations. Therefore, people of the Middle Ages and Renaissance sought for better life. Now many people also strive for such a goal. Many people seek for being a part of a group. They feel care of other people and they do not feel lonely or neglected. Being social creature, the vast majority of people need some sort of community and religious groups give the feeling of being connected with others. Some people need certain status which religious groups can provide. Many people seek for financial gains. All these goal s make people enter some religious groups. Notably, the rational choice theory provides specific answers to questions concerning people’s motivation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Sociology of Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also explains the spread of certain religions, at least, at some periods. The spread of Christianity among poor people and slaves in the first centuries A.D. can be explained with the help of the theory. Poor people got the hope to live a better life, even after their death. They accepted their social position and were ready to endure lots of hardships as they had been promised to get something more important. Nowadays people also adopt different religious beliefs. Remarkably, many of people change their religious views throughout their lifetime. These different choices can also be explained (to certain extent) with the help of the theory mentioned above. Fo r instance, children are baptized according to their parent’s religious choices. However, when children grow up, they start making their choices. People often change their religious beliefs as they fail to get the answers or reach their aims. Popularity of numerous religious groups within Christianity can also be explained with the help of rational choice theory. Nonetheless, it is also necessary to note that this theory cannot provide all the answers as people often make irrational choices, i.e. they cannot even explain their deeds. Moreover, religion is often associated with spirituality which can hardly be measured or explained. Therefore, it is necessary to be cautious when using the rational choice theory in sociology of religion.

Fashion Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Marketing" concerns the marketing in fashion. With a success story that continues even today, Hanes has defined the clothing industry like no other company ever has. Hanes, in 2012 used the social medium Facebook to help grow their relationship with their consumers. Underwear isn’t the first thing you would think of when listing your passions, but Hanes thought it can build an â€Å"emotional connection† with underwear shoppers and get them talking. This type of marketing succeeded. Social media, like Facebook, is at the center of this strategy. On Facebook, where it has 2.5 million likes asked open-ended questions on what your favorite underwear type is or posts that ask you to share your first experience wearing a bra. The brand is trying to get consumers talking. â€Å"Hanes wants to be able to connect with consumers beyond just the transaction,† said David Robertson, director of marketing at Hanes. â€Å"We want to communicate what the bra nd stands for. We want to hear from them and we want to establish more of an emotional connection. That ongoing relationship will lead to increased loyalty and advocacy.† H&M opened its first store in Sweden. Hennes, the name at the time specialized in women’s fashion. The franchise slowly grew opening its first store outside of Sweden in 1963. Today the company has over 2,800 locations worldwide and they specialize in clothing for women, men, and kids, and now underwear. In 2013, H&M incorporated location-based campaigns into their marketing mix.

Intelligence-led policing requirements of COMPSTAT Essay

Intelligence-led policing requirements of COMPSTAT - Essay Example The implication of this is that the commander naturally throws in his ‘enthusiastic support and energetic leadership’ to the program and the immediate goal of the program considering that his name and reputation is on the line, which is tangibly manifested by his obligation to personally deliver the report in the presence of the top brass and other units. COMPSTAT, like ILP, is largely based on the analysis of crime-related data and statistics, with analysts forming an integral part of its operations collating all submitted crime-related data and making sense of them through the crime mapping. The analysts then prepare the COMPSAT book, upon which the week’s presentation and discussions during the standard COMPSAT session are based on. The only difference is that in the ILP, the data gathered and collected are not necessarily known facts and statistics but unconventionally gathered data from tips, leads and reports of suspicious activities. Meetings and sessions a re also held in the COMPSTAT policing program periodically conducted usually, at least, once a week. This meetings and sessions, however, cannot be strictly categorized as the strategic and tactical, as required in ILP, because they consist mostly of presentation by a commander of the crime-related incidents in his/her jurisdiction and the strategies taken as a consequence and an interrogation of some sort by a facilitator, usually the chief or his designated assistant, of the law enforcers commander.